SUBJECTS
AMPLIACION DE FUNDAMENTOS QUIMICOS DE LA INGENIERIA. BIOQUIMICA (ITA Hortofruticultura y Jardinería) QUIMICA II (ITA Industrias Agrarias y Alimentarias) ESTRUCTURA Y DINAMICA DE LAS MEMBRANAS BIOLOGICAS. BIOQUIMICA
AMPLIACION DE FUNDAMENTOS QUIMICOS DE LA INGENIERIA and QUIMICA II. BIOQUIMICA Outline 1. Introduction to Biochemistry. Molecular
composition of the living cell. Content UNIT 1: Bases of biochemistry. Molecular composition of living organisms. Introduction. What is biochemistry? Biochemistry as an interdisciplinary science. Biochemistry as a chemical science. Biochemistry as a biological science. UNIT 2: The water. Acid-base properties. Physical properties and hydrogen bonds in water. Structure of liquid water. Other properties of hydrogend bonds. Water solvent properties. Hydrophobic interactions. Solute effects on water properties. Water ionization. Water ionic product.: pH scale. UNIT 3: Amino acids(I, II & III). Description. Frequent and rare amino acids in proteins. Non-protein amino acids. Acid-base properties in amino acids. Amino acid stereochemistry. Amino acid chemical reactions. UNIT 4: Peptides. Peptide structure. Acid-base properties in peptides. Optical and chemical properties in peptides. Separation and analysis of peptides. UNIT 5: Proteins (I, II, III & IV). Tridimensional conformation of proteins. Secondary structure: folding regular forms in polypeptide chains. Structure description: helices, beta sheets, turns, random structures. Ramachandram representations. Fibrous proteins: keratin, collagen, elastin. Globular proteins. Structure-function relation. Factors involved in determining secondary and tertiary structures. Quaternary structure of proteins. UNIT 6: Enzyme structure and mechanism. Coenzymes and vitamins. Enzyme substrate specificity. Identification of essential functional groups in catalysis. Factors involved in determining catalytic efficiency of enzymes. Regulating enzymes. Allosteric enzymes. Covalent modulation of regulating enzymes. Conceptual relations between coenzyme and vitamin. Oxide-reduction coenzymes: niacin nucleotides, flavin nucleotides, lipoic acid, quinones, cytochromes. Phosphate transport system: ADP. Amino group transport system. Pyridoxal phosphate. Acetyl transporters. Conzyme-A. Monocarbonated fragment transporters. tetra hydro pholate and derivates. Cobalamin. Biotin. UNIT 7: Lipid structure and properties (I, II). Lipid molecular structure and behaviour. Fatty acids. triacylglycerols: fats. Soaps and detergents. Waxes. Lipid components of biological membranes. Glycerophospholipids. Sphingolipids and glycosphingolipids. Cholesterol. Terpenes and derivates. UNIT 8: Biological membranes. Membrane structure and properties. Fluid mosaic model. Membrane movement. Membrane asymmetry. Characteristics of membrane proteins. Red blood cell membrane as an example of membrane structure. UNIT 9: Carbohydrates: structure and properties. Monosaccharide families. Monosaccharide stereoisomery. Mutarrotation and anomaric forms of D-glucose. Effects of acids and bases on monosaccharides. Monosaccharide most important derivates. Disaccharides and trisaccharides. Identification and analysis of monosaccharides and oligosaccharides. Structural and storage polysaccharides. UNIT 10: Nucleic acids (I & II). Chemical nature of nucleic acids. DNA and RNA. Nucleotide properties. Stability and formation of phosphodiester bond. Primary structure of nucleic acids. Secondary and tertiary structure of nucleic acids. Double helix. Semiconservative nature of DNA replication. Supercoiling. Denaturalization of nucleic acids. UNIT 11: Genetic information expression. Genetic material replication. DNA transcription. RNA translation into proteins. Objectives Biochemistry: the main teaching objective is the description of the most important macromolecules which form biological systems, supplying conceptual and theoretical bases for the biophysical processes they intervene. Concepts are complemented with the description of the molecular structure and the biochemical properties of the macromolecules involved, not only proteins and lipids, but also carbohydrates and nucleic acids. The objectives aimed at in theory classes are: (i) summarise the biochemical units which are subject of study, which are specified in the subject syllabus; (ii) show the student the most relevant aspects of each unit and relate them with the biological function; (iii) clarify physical, chemical and biochemical concepts needed for the understanding of the subject.
Practical Sessions Practice 1: PROTEINS REACTIONS IN DISSOLUTION.
ISOLATING MILK CASEIN.
Practice global objectives It aims at familiarising the student with the
basic elements in a biochemistry lab: volumetric material
(graded material for measurement), performance material and
basic instruments such as granataries and centrifuges, etc.
Teaching Methodology Theoretical lessons are in-room, in the form of teacher lecturing. The use of slides and transparencies is a constant, and hard copies of what is shown in class are distributed among the students. Students are recommended to consult complementary/additional bibliography to expand class notes. In practical sessions, students are given an outline of the practical activities in the form of a note-book, where all the stages involved are detailed. As the student must be in the classroom for these sessions, he is able to ask and solve any doubt he could have in the course of the activity.
Evaluation
PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES
Comments It is highly recommended to attend theory classes as they are not only a mere description of information, but also a way of emphasizing the most relevant and conceptual aspects for which further explanation is needed. The use of bibliography is also recommended to have a complete view of the subject (class notes are insufficient).
Bibliography 1.-Mathews and van Holde. Bioquímica. Ed.
McGraw Hill.
ESTRUTURA Y DINAMICA DE LAS MEMBRANAS BIOLOGICAS. BIOQUIMICA Outline 1. Structure and Composition of Biological
Membranes Content UNIT 1. Structure and composition of biomembranes. introduction to biomembranes. Membrane morphology. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic membranes. The fluid mosaic model. Biomembrane study methods. Lipidic component. Protein component. Biological membrane isolation. UNIT 2. Structure and properties of lipids. Calssification of lipids. Lipid purification and characterization. Lipid-water mixture: structure and properties. Biomembrane model systems. Lipidic phases: typology and characteristics. UNIT 3. Characterization and structural principles of membrane proteins. Typology and characteristics of membrane proteins. Purification strategies/techniques. Functional reconstruction of membranes proteins. Physico-chemical properties of membrane proteins. Membrane protein study methods. Tridimensional structure and membrane protein models. Pores, channels and transporters. Minimalistic or modular aproximation to membrane proteins. Membrane protein peptide models. UNIT 4. Biomembrane dynamics and lipid-protein interactions. Biomembrane components movility. Lipid bilayer fluidity. Alteration/perturbation of physico-chemical properties in biomembranes by small molecules. Lipid-protein interactions: characterization and measurement. Analysis of ligand adsorption to lipid bilayers. UNIT 5. Signal transduction in biomembranes. General principles in cell signalling. Membrane receptors: families and modus operandi. Cell amplification and adaptation/desensibilization. Intracell signalling: second messengers. UNIT 6. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic signalling. Visual signalling. Olfactory and gustative signalling. Thermal signalling. Mechanic signalling. Signalling strategies in plants. Bacteria chimiotaxis. Chimiotactic receptors. UNIT 7. Biomedicine and Biotechnology. Liposome applications. Medication/drug transport. Biosensor design. Objectives This subject intends to inform the student about the nature, structure and functions of biological membranes from a molecular pint of view. The subject describes the most relevant cellular events biomembranes carry out, focusing not only on bacteria but also on vegetal and animal cells. The first set of objectives aims at gaining the structural knowledge, setting, and biological activity of the most important biomolecules which form biomembranes, with special emphasis in the study of lipids and proteins. In a second part, the study of biomolecule dynamics will be carried out, together with its particular relevance in lipid-protein interactions. Regarding the third group of objectives, the student will be able to know molecular bases in the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell communication, and signal transduction. Finally, some notions on biomedicine and biotechnology will be introduced, including practical applications and biosensors design.
Practical Sessions Included in Integrated Lab II
Teaching Methodology Theoretical lessons are in-room, in the form of teacher lecturing. The use of slides and transparencies is a constant, and hard copies of what is shown in class are distributed among the students. Students are recommended to consult complementary/additional bibliography to expand class notes.
Evaluation Written exam composed of questions-problems Comments It is highly recommended to attend theory classes as they are not only a mere description of information, but also a way of emphasizing the most relevant and conceptual aspects for which further explanation is needed. The use of bibliography is also recommended to have a complete view of the subject (class notes are insufficient).
Bibliography - Gennis, R.B. (1989) Biomembranes. Molecular
Structure and Function. Springer-Verlag. New York.
Outline 1. Composición Molecular de los seres vivos.
Outline
PRÁCTICA 1.- Procesador de textos. Outline Session 1: Heterologous expression of ion
channels in xenopus oocytes |